Subject area F

Compound eyes: the bee consists of several individual eyes. They specialize in the perception of movements.

Farbmal: Woran erkennen die Bienen, ob eine Blüte Nektar oder Pollen trägt? An ihrem Farbmal. Als solches wird eine bestimmte Zeichnung oder Färbung der Kronblätter bezeichnet, mit Hilfe derer die Pflanze dem Bestäubern signalisiert, dass sie Pollenvorräte beherbergt.

Foulbrood: American foulbrood is a reportable bee disease that is classified as an epidemic. However, their European variant is usually benign. The American researcher White discovered in 1903 the Bacillus larvae, the causative agent of the (malignant) foulbrood (hence the name "American foulbrood") Disease and diagnosis: The pathogen is Paenibacillus larvae larvae, a flagellated, chain-forming 2.5-5 µm long , 0.7-0.8 µm wide rod bacterium that survives outside the bees in the form of spores. The oval spores can survive for decades. The pathogen is harmless to adult bees, it only affects the brood.

The infection of the (up to 2 days old) maggots occurs through ingestion of food containing spores. The spores germinate one day after ingestion. The resulting bacteria penetrate the intestinal wall and multiply in the blood and body tissue of the larva. Some of the infected young maggots die from blood poisoning and are removed by the cleaning bees. The disease only becomes visible to the beekeeper when the maggot develops into a spotted maggot and pupa despite the infection. The spores rest undisturbed in the bee's intestine and are activated again when the larval organs in the future bee are remodeled during the prepupal period. Now the whole body of the maggot is flooded with the bacteria and the infectious spores are formed (up to 2.5 billion spores in a single infected larva).

Nach dem Absterben nehmen die Streckmaden, Vorpuppen und Puppen eine milchkaffeeartige Form an, die immer dunkler wird. Der Zellinhalt verwandelt sich in eine schleimige, gummiartige Masse. Sticht man mit einem Streichholz in die Zelle kann man einen oft zentimeterlangen Faden herausziehen (Streichholzprobe). Die Zelldeckel sinken häufig über den kranken Maden, Puppen ein und zeigen einen feucht-schimmernden Glanz, und bekommen Löcher. Zuletzt trocknet der Zellinhalt zu einem schwarzbraunen Schorf ein. Er liegt in der unteren Zellrinne und ist nur schwer zu entfernen.

Verbreitung durch die Bienen bei Räuberei und Aufnahme von (Auslands) Honigresten in Glascontainern und auf Deponien. Durch den Imker bei Wabentausch, Völkervereinigung, Verfüttern von verseuchtem Futter; Verwenden von verseuchtem Wachses und verseuchten Beuten. Faulbrutsporen bleiben auch außerhalb des Volkes jahrzehntelang am Leben, halten Trockenheit, Nässe, Hitze und Kälte aus.

Control: desulphurize infested colonies, burn bees and brood combs; otherwise art school procedures. Disinfect or burn hives and accessories. Keep only strong colonies, renew the honeycomb structure (at least 50% per year). Do not feed strange honeys.

Ferments: The enzymes, i.e. those proteins that function as catalysts in the body, are also called ferments.They are important for the body and digestion, but also for the provision of energy for all processes that take place in the bee's body.

Fat body: is the storage organ of insects, in which proteins, carbohydrates and fats are stored. The fat body can also synthesize substances itself, for example it can build up fats from sugar. He is also responsible for the production of the beeswax. It can best be compared to the human liver.

Flavonoids: Among the plant pigments, the flavonoids are the most well-known; they are mainly found in propolis. They are considered to be particularly healthy, as they can have a positive effect on inflammation and allergies or pain. They are also considered to be anticonvulsants. Some of the flavonoids are even considered antioxidants. There are particularly many in honey and propolis. They are also responsible for the typical honey color.

Wings: The translucent delicate wings of the bee are made of chitin. This makes them light and mobile, yet very robust. The bee's wings are moved by its pectoral muscle culture.

Flying bee: The workers among the bees work first in the beehive, depending on the age and needs of the bee colony. They are only used as foraging bees or flying bees in the second half of their lives. Flying bees are responsible for collecting pollen and nectar. But they also carry water into the beehive.

Entrance hole: Entry and exit lane to the beehive is called an entrance hole, it is open all the way through. Among other things, the size of the bee colony can be determined from the size of the entrance hole. In winter, in bad weather or if there is a risk of other animals entering it, it is reduced in size and / or provided with a mouse protection.

Flugling -Fegling: A day with plenty of costume and flight operations is best suited for the formation of a flight. The people are divided, so to speak, on the fly. We separate almost all flying bees from the hive bees. To train the flight, we remove the people's spoils from their place during flight operations. We exchange the booty for a new booty. We hang some brood combs with the capped brood of the old colony in the hive. Two food or honeycombs should also be hung. The free space is filled with central walls. The returning flying bees form a new colony in the new prey - the flying bees. The capped brood will hatch in the next few days.

A queen has to be added. This can be the queen of the ancient people. You can also buy a queen. Another possibility is to hang in a covered swarm cell. What is not possible is to hope for replenishment cells.

Das Volk in der alten Beute aber am neuen Standort wird zum Fegling. Sie entnehmen die Brutwaben mit der verdeckelten Brut für den Flugling. Dabei fegen Sie die aufsitzenden Bienen zurück in die alte Beute - daher der Name Fegling. Rücken Sie die Waben des Brutnestes zusammen, damit wieder ein geschlossenes Brutnest entsteht. Dieses Brutnest enthält über wiegend junge, unverdeckelte Brut. Achten Sie darauf, dass genug Futter im Volk vorhanden ist. Bedenken Sie, dass weniger oder gar keine Tracht eingetragen wird, da Sie die Flugbienen entfernt haben. Füllen Sie mit Mittelwänden auf. Sie können die Königin im Volk belassen. Sie können auch eine neue Königin oder eine Schwarmzelle zusetzen oder dem Volk die Nachschaffung einer Königin überlassen.

The formation of fliers and scapegoats has no influence on the multiplication of the varroa mite. Just as we divide the people, we also divide the possible burden of the parasite between the two peoples. There is no breeding break. There is no way to use lactic acid. The following applies here in particular: only create offshoots from healthy colonies.

Entrance hole observation: By observing flight operations from the side, various conclusions can be drawn about the people's situation. The method is independent of prey systems and is usually placed upstream of the other control methods.

Flight muscles: The muscles for flapping wings are located in the bee's chest. Here, in the thorax, they take up most of the space. The flight muscles have a particularly high need for oxygen. The oxygen is therefore supplied in a particularly dosed manner through the extremely fine ramifications of the trachea.

Fresh pollen: is the fresh pollen that is brought into the hive by forager or flying bees. The beekeeper guides the bees at the to collect the fresh pollen

Ankunft am Flugloch über ein kleinmaschiges Gitter, in dem ein Teil des Pollens hängen bleibt. Pollen gelten als besonders nahrhaft und sind sehr gesund. Auch sie enthalten die wertvollen Flavonoide.

Early forage: includes the bees' entire food supply of nectar, pollen and honeydew. The early costume is the costume that leads to the first honey harvest of the year. In addition to the early costume, there is also the summer costume and the late costume.

Fructomaltose: is a fructose-glucose-glucose combination that is particularly found in honeydew.

Fructose: Single-chain sugars, i.e. monosaccharides, are also known as fructose or fruit sugar. It is the sweetest sugar among the natural sugars. It is found in high concentrations in honey, for example.

Feeler: the bee is also called antenna in biology. A large part of the sensory organs and sensory cells are housed here. Each insect has paired antennae. The bee's antennae consist of a shaft, a reversible limb and ten to eleven whip limbs. The workers and the queen own ten Geißlerlieder, drones eleven. The sense of smell and touch are also located in the antennae. The feelers differ depending on the bees' area of responsibility.

Food wreath sample: is called a honey sample, which is examined in the laboratory for any diseases and parasites. To do this, the spores in the honey are analyzed.

Removal of honeycombs: Excessive honeycombs are removed at the beginning of the fruit blossom in order to avoid adulteration of the honey and to create space.

Feed juice: is particularly rich in energy and protein. The nurse bees form the fodder juice in their glands and then feed it to the larvae or the queen. The feed juice for the queen bee differs from that for the larvae, however, in its composition. The royal jelly is the most valuable food, quasi the mother's milk of the nurse bee. With him the queen will be nourished for the rest of her life.

Fodder sap: glands that produce the valuable fodder sap are located in the head of the worker bee. Only the workers are able to produce this glandular secretion. The secretion flows directly into the bee's mouth, where it is enriched with sugar from the honey bladder or the secretion of the mandible gland. The activity of the glands is hormone-controlled and can also be reactivated if necessary.

Fodder dough: if the beekeeper removes the honey stores that the bee colony has created for the winter, the bees receive substitute food such as fodder dough or liquid sugar. The bees then use this winter feeding again to build up food supplies. However, honey is no longer produced. There is also a lack of nectar and honeydew.

Feed frame: (the) feed frame or the feed attachment are inserted at the top of the magazine hive. The beekeeper can use them to provide a colony of bees with food. The feed frame is intended for winter feeding. There are different models here. Feed frames with plastic inserts and lids seal off the feed supply very well against robbery and drowning bees. You can also put an empty frame on for feeding and use a suitable plastic container from the household sector with swimming aids.