Subject area N
Replenishment cell: are often located in the middle of the honeycomb surface. They are newly created brood cells that were subsequently converted into queen cells. Such a rededication is possible up to the third day of life of the maggots. Replenishment cells are created whenever a queen suddenly dies and the colony quickly needs a new queen bee.
Reproduction: A people can lose their queen. This also happens in nature. A colony without a queen will die after a few weeks because of a lack of offspring. The brood is missing. There is a behavior of the workers that the people can save: the creation of new ones.
In the first three days after hatching from the egg, the development of a fertilized larva is not yet determined. She can develop into a worker or a queen. If the larva is fed with royal jelly during its entire development, it becomes a queen. After the third day, if the nurse bees change the food to a mash of honey and pollen, the larva develops into a worker. Another prerequisite for successful replenishment is that drones are available to mate the young queen. The replenishment can only take place in spring and summer.
Once the workers have determined that the queen has been lost, they expand some brood cells with young brood into brood cells for queens. Since this does not prepare for swarming, the significantly larger brood cells are not referred to as swarm cells, but rather as replenishment cells.
The larvae in the replication cells receive royal jelly. After a larval period of five days, the larvae pupate and the cells are capped. After a further eight days and the completion of the metamorphosis, the first queen hatches. Usually 5 to 6 replenishment cells are created. The hatching queens in the remaining cells are either killed by the queen or the workers.
We can take advantage of this behavior of the bees when creating offshoots. In brood eggs and the fegling brood combs with young, uncovered brood are present. We will only create offshoots in spring and summer, so that drones are available for mating. When putting together the offshoots, we must ensure that young brood can be found on the combs. The bees need pens or larvae that are not older than three days to replicate.
Cups: The beekeeper often discovers small, semicircular wax cups on the edge of a honeycomb. They are built by the workers and donated by the queen. The cells are then converted into queen cells.
Food: the bees largely consist of pollen. Pollen contains a lot of protein and is therefore the ideal complement to sugary nectar or honeydew.
Nassanoff gland: In the rear part of the bee's abdomen is the Nassanoff gland, a scent gland. Here, the bee produces a pheromone in more than 500 scent cells, which is considered to be the identification mark of the people and at the same time acts as a marker for feeding and watering places. This glandular secretion also points the way back to the beehive.
Natural honeycomb construction: The bees build all their honeycombs themselves using natural honeycomb construction. The honeycombs are their skeleton and an integral part of the bee colony. If beekeeping is ecological, the decision to build workers or drone cells lies with the bee colony. When the bees freshly build their combs, they are snow-white, only with time, through incubation and walking, do they turn yellow to black at the end
Nectar: (value) is the carbohydrate food of the bees; it is refined into honey, which is used as winter supply: the net present value of a plant indicates how productive it is for the bees (4 = very good to 1 = low). These substances are called excreta or secretions. The nectar is such a secretion and is excreted by the plants as an attractant and tasting substance. How exactly this process takes place is not clearly understood. A controlled process takes place, as the composition and concentration of the substances in the nectar can differ from the cell sap. The substances in nectar come from a gland cell. The largest proportions in terms of quantity are the sugars, some minerals and the water, via which the plant sap is delivered to the glandular cells. The sugars are cane sugar (sucrose), fruit sugar (fructose) and grape sugar (glucose). They are produced as part of photosynthesis and reach the flowers and the individual cells via the conduction pathways.
Die einzelne Drüsenzelle kann noch eigene Stoffe hinzufügen. In den floralen Nektarien werden häufig Duftstoffe zugesetzt, um Blütenbesucher anzulocken. Aminosäuren werden vor allem in den extrafloralen Nektarien hinzugefügt, wo „dem Stammgast eine vollwertige Nahrung“ gereicht werden soll.
Nectaries: The gland cells that secrete the nectar of the plants are the nectaries. They are mostly located in the immediate vicinity of the flowers, but can also be located outside of them. Nectaries in the leaf axils or petioles
for example, extra-floral nectariums are therefore also called the floral nectariums on the flowers.
Clove oil: is applied to a cloth. The aroma unfolds after a while when this cloth is kept in a closable glass. The oil of cloves has the same effect on bees as on smoke. The bees flee into the honeycomb, pick up honey and get ready to flee. In this state, the bees are distracted and harmless to the beekeeper.
Emergency feeding: If there is too little winter feeding or too little natural supply in spring, it can be used to ensure survival. Emergency feeding becomes necessary.
Nosemosis: or nosematosis: a spore animal in the midgut that weakens the bee and makes it unable to fly. Nosemosis occurs predominantly in spring. It is therefore also called spring consumption and is a contagious bowel disease of honey bees. Pathogens are nosemaspores (6-3µmm), refractive oval shapes, (single-celled parasites, these are small spore animals, usually counted among the fungi) they are latently present in every bee colony. When various unfavorable factors come together, there is a massive increase in the number of pathogens in the bees' intestinal wall. The disease mainly occurs in spring, even after long periods of bad weather.
Disease picture: bee droppings on and in hives, on the combs. Brown stains on the flight board and the bees in front of it, contracted into lumps. Severe death. Bees with distended abdomen. The bee colonies are getting weaker and weaker. Trigger factors: poor pollen supply, wrong location (too humid, unsuitable set-up, no pollen carriers). Frequent disturbances of the colonies, especially in spring. Clogged or too small flight holes. Distribution: Through dirty bee troughs, through robbery of bees, through airborne behavior. By the beekeeper - by dirty tools, hanging dirty honeycombs, uniting sick and healthy colonies. Preventive measures. Choose the right location for the installation of the bee colonies (not too drafty, not damp, sufficient pollen and nectar supply must be guaranteed). Do not massage too many colonies on one stand. Winter only strong colonies with enough pollen and food. Adapt space to the size of the population. No disturbance of the winter rest. Hygiene: melt down dirty honeycombs. Scrape off soiled hives, flame or disinfect with acetic acid (60%). Remove dead bees. Keep drinking troughs clean.