Subject area K

Kalk Brut:  ein Schimmelpilz ist die Ursache. Der Pilz wächst in der Larve und umgibt sie schließlich ganz mit einem Geflecht aus weißen Pilzfäden, dem Myzel. Die Larven erinnern daher an kleine Mumien. Spätestens im Stadium der Streckmade sterben sie dann. Die Ansteckung der Maden (vorzugsweise Drohnenbrut) erfolgt durch die widerstandsfähigen Sporen des Pilzes. Diese Sporen keimen aus durchwuchern und umspinnen die Bienenmade. Die Maden sterben meist schon vor der Verdeckelung der Zellen ab, sie werden mumifiziert. Ascosphaera apis hat männliche und weibliche Sporen, die nach dem Auskeimen jeweils ein eigenes Mycel bilden. Treffen männliche und weibliche Pilzgefäden auf der Bienenoberfläche zusammen, werden kugelige Sporenbehälter (Fruchtkörper = Sporangien) gebildet in denen kugelige Sporenbehälter (Sporenballen = Asci) gebildet werden. Wenn die Hülle des reifen Sporenballens platzt, werden die widerstandsfähigen und infektiösen Sporen frei. Die Sporen werden mit den Bienen, den Waben oder durch Luftzug verteilt und infizieren wieder junge Rundmaden. Krankheitsbild: Befallenen Maden haben zu Anfang ein weißes flockiges Aussehen, später härten sie aus und werden zu Mumien. Die Mumien sind erst gelblich und werden, wenn der Pilz Fruchtkörper bildet, grau-grünlich. Mumien in den Wabenzellen liegen locker und erzeugen beim Schütteln der Wabe klappernde Geräusche. Bei stärkerem Befall liegen Mumien über den Boden bis zum Flugloch heraus. Auslösefaktoren: Ungünstige Umwelteinflüsse, zu feuchter und kalter Standort, zu schwache Bienenvölker.  Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung: Die Bienen bekämpfen die Kalkbrut dadurch dass sie kranke Maden aus den Zellen entfernen. Imkerliche Maßnahmen; Völker einengen, befallene Waben entfernen, Mumien entfernen, eventuell Standort wechseln, oder auch Königin austauschen. Hygiene: Befallene Waben einschmelzen. Kalkbrutmumien vom Boden entfernen. Aluminiumfolie/blech in den Boden legen. Beuten desinfizieren.

Chestnut honey: Chestnut honey is a particularly strong, bitter honey. It is obtained from the blossoms of the sweet chestnut. In Germany, it is especially produced in the Palatinate Forest, the Taunus and the Rhine Valley. The chestnut honey does not crystallize, it always remains liquid. The high proportion of fructose is responsible for this.

Kenyan Top-Bar-Hiv: KTBH or upper carrier booty; Prey is the beekeeping term for a beehive, beehive, or any other apiary that has been made by humans.

Tilt control: The individual frames are tilted one after the other. The beekeeper checks the upper and lower beams. A prerequisite for this is a magazine hive with the honeycomb position in cold construction. This method is used in particular with two-brood chamber systems (e.g. zander or normal size hives)

Putty resin: The bees add saliva and wax to the collected resin. They seal the stick with this putty resin. Because of its ingredients, the putty resin (propolis) is also increasingly used in medicine. Natural medicine in particular has rediscovered it in recent years.

Kleehonig: Ein milder Honig ist der Kleehonig. Er hat eine helle Farbe, manchmal ist er fast weiß. Im Gegensatz zum Kastanienhonig kristallisiert der Kleehonig fast immer aus. Schuld daran ist der hohe Traubenzuckergehalt des Kleehonigs.

Königin: oder Weisel ist die einzige Biene im Bienenvolk, die geschlechtsreif ist. Solange sie lebt, sind die Eierstöcke der Arbeitsbienen nicht vollständig entwickelt. Ein von ihr abgesondertes Pheromon, die Königinnensubstanz, verhindert dies. Aus den von Drohnen begatteten Eiern der Königin entwickeln sich neue Arbeiterinnen oder auch eine neue Königin.

Queen renewal in the colony: Small numbers of young queens can be attracted to the correct colony (colony with queen). .

Queen renewal with breeding staff: If a larger number of queens is required, special care colonies are used for this.

Adding a queen: When creating offshoots as artificial swarms or flyers, a queen must be added. With these types of offshoot formation, the workers cannot recreate a queen.

The addition of queens in Fegling, Brutableger or farm colonies is more difficult. The offshoots and races do not always adopt a foreign queen. It is important that the offshoots or colony have been without seed for some time at the time of the addition and that there is no open brood. Mated queens are better accepted than unmated queens. But where does the queen come from anyway? Theoretically, you can take a queen out of one of your colonies that have open brood. The people would then set up replenishment cells and create a queen. This is only recommended in an emergency. It is better to get a young, mated queen.

Queen feed: The queen feed, royal jelly, is a very nutritious substance with a high protein content. The worker larvae are given to them for a few days, queen larvae are only fed with them. The composition of the queen food juice changes, however, depending on whether it is used as food for normal fry or for the queen larvae.

Königinnensubstanz: Das in den Mandibeldrüsen der Königin entwickelte Sekret, die Königinnensubstanz, strömt einen Botenstoff aus, der die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane bei den anderen Bienen unterbindet. Sie verhindert auch das Anlegen von Schwarmzellen. Die Königinnensubstanz wirkt als Pheromon, das gleichzeitig auch als Erkennungszeichen für das Bienenvolk fungiert. Für den Zusammenhalt und die Einheit des Volkes ist es von großer Bedeutung.

Queen breeding: require extensive know-how and many years of experience. In addition to the quality of the offshoots, the right time to start breeding and the right material are important. It must be ensured that the stick is at the zenith of development. Only then will he have the strength to raise the new queen.

Cup collector: This includes all honey bees. Unlike other bees, they have hair on their legs, in which the pollen gets caught and sticks. When the cups are full, the bee wears so-called pollen pants.

Approval: determines the body characteristics of the bee, records its racial unit and analyzes, among other things, armor marks, felt bandage hair and hair length. All characteristics are entered in the licensing report.

Kommunikation: Bienenkommunikation ein äußerst komplexes System. Es besteht aus einer Tanz-sprache und verwendet zudem Pheromone, die die Nerven und Hormone der einzelnen Biene ansprechen. Aber auch beim Futteraustausch unter den Bienen wird ein aktiver Informationsaustausch betrieben. Hierbei werden nicht nur Nahrung, sondern auch Düfte und Pheromone übertragen.

Complex eyes: The compound eyes of the bee consist of net eyes or complex eyes. They are made up of different, individual eyes. Every single eye has its own lens and sensory cell. In the brain, the information from the eyes is then put together to form an image. The bee looks like a grid, but can perceive movements particularly well. But she only recognizes details at close range.

Consistency: Depending on the glucose and fructose content, the consistency of a honey changes. If it contains a lot of glucose, such as clover honey, the honey usually has a creamy, firm consistency. If the fructose content in honey is high, as in forest honey or chestnut honey, it usually remains liquid and clear.

Kopf: Der Kopf der Biene enthält neben dem Gehirn auch die zentralen Sinnesorgane. Hier liegen die Augen, hier befinden sich auch die Antennen, die Mundwerkzeuge (Mandibeln) und der Rüssel.

Head gland secretion: The young workers prepare royal jelly (royal jelly) from the secretion of their cephalic glands and that of their mandibular glands. This feeds the bee larvae over a period of three to four days. Queen larvae are only fed royal jelly.

Head salivary gland: The food gland (see also "food gland") is also called the head salivary gland. This is where the main ingredient for the royal jelly is produced. The feed juice serves to nourish the larvae, but especially as food for the queen larvae.

Diseases: The most important diseases affecting bees include varroosis, American foulbrood, nosematosis and accariosis. A distinction is made between brood diseases and diseases of the adult bee. In addition to viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites such as mites in particular are considered to be the cause of bee diseases.

Disease prevention: The best prevention is hygiene. The beekeeper should wash his hands before every visit to the apiary, but also carefully clean his tools. In addition, he should have a food wreath sample made on a regular basis. The earlier a disease is detected, the better it can be treated. Another source of disease is the purchase and import of foreign queens or colonies of bees.

Kreislauf: Der Kreislauf von Insekten ist ein offenes System. Die Haemolymphe (siehe auch „Haemolymphe“) fließt dabei nicht durch geschlossene Adern, sondern wird über den Herzschlauch vom Herz bis in den Kopf gepumpt. Danach fließt sie wieder zurück.

Goiter collectors: The goiter collectors, the Colletidae, include the silk bee and the mask bee in Central Europe.

Cuckoo bee: gets its name because it lays its larvae in other bees' nests. Around every fourth type of bee in Germany is a cuckoo bee. They don't build their own supplies and therefore don't have belly and leg brushes to collect pollen.

Artificial honey: Artificial honey is made from cane sugar and starch. However, it can no longer be called artificial honey, but is now being sold as an invert sugar cream. It was created in times of honey shortage. Some bakeries still use it today.

Art swarm: is a complete new beginning for a people. It is the type of offshoot that comes closest to the natural reproduction of the bee by a swarm. The bees are separated from their combs and swept into a new shelter, a new prey. The bees have to build completely new honeycombs. The artificial swarm is therefore also suitable for the rehabilitation of colonies with brood diseases or infestation with the Varroa mite. In the first days the colony is without brood, so treatment with lactic acid against the varroa mite is possible.

To form a new art swarm, bees are swept into a hive that only contains frames with fresh central walls. Usually the art school remains without a queen at first. One or two honeycombs or fodder cells are attached so that the artificial swarm does not starve to death in the first few days. Alternatively, feed dough or liquid feed can also be given.

The artificial swarm is now whisperless and should have a mated or unmated queen added. This is divided with an additional cage in which the queen sits, this is closed with a plug made of feed dough and is hung between the honeycombs. The fine grid allows workers to contact the queen and get used to each other. After a few days the food plug is used up and the queen is free.

Natürlich würden die Bienen ihre neue Behausung selber aussuchen. In einer Schwarmtraube läuft ein Entscheidungsprozess, der einer demokratischen Abstimmung sehr nahe kommt, ab. Dieser Prozess dauert meist zwei bis drei Tage. Dann löst sich die Schwarmtraube auf und der Schwarm fliegt zur neuen Behausung.

It is different with the artificial swarm, where the beekeeper specifies the dwelling. It is entirely possible that the bees would reject the prey and move out straight away. That will prevent the cellar confinement.

There are several reasons for the basement, which are based on the differences between natural crush and artificial crush. In contrast to a natural swarm, the bees are not prepared for this action by the beekeeper. When a colony prepares to form a swarm, some of the workers activate their wax glands. Immediately after moving into a new dwelling can then be built. If there are expanded combs, one swarm is less likely to move out again. Shortly before the swarming, the workers fill their honey bladders in order to ensure the survival of the colony in the first few days.

In the case of artificial swarms, the beekeeper puts one or two honeycombs or honeycombs in the hive so that the colony does not starve to death in the first few days. In addition, the entrance hole is closed for one to two days so that the wax glands can be activated during this time and the first middle walls are expanded into honeycombs. The art school becomes sedentary. So that the colonies do not overheat when the entrance hole is closed, the colonies are placed in a cool place - hence the term cellar.

Art school formation: The new colonies are created without a honeycomb structure. This method is therefore also suitable for the remediation of brood diseases. In combination with the honey harvest, bees from the honey room can be used.